[PDF] Allergic Rhinitis and Treatment Modalities: A Review of Literature | Semantic Scholar (2025)

New aspects of allergic rhinitis are highlighted with a particular focus on the impact of sexual dimorphism on the disease manifestation and efficacy to the allergen specific immunotherapy.

Biologic therapies, including omalizumab and dupilumab, offer promising alternatives for the management of AR, especially in cases that are severe or refractory to conventional treatments, and the evidence supports their efficacy in improving symptoms and quality of life.

The treatment for allergic rhinitis can be performed in primary healthcare services which adopts a holistic approach, however, if the recovery of the patient cannot be achieved, they need to be directed to the otorhinolaryngology department and surgical treatment options and, if necessary, immunotherapy treatment options should be considered.

Analysis of the opportunities of combined pharmacotherapy within the framework of current management strategy of AR and some aspects of combination therapy with montelukast and second-generation systemic antihistamines as an alternative approach in case of inability to take intranasal corticosteroids are analyzed.

The effects of AR on people’s health and quality of life should be examined by doctors and better patient-provider communication and a deeper comprehension of AR may help with the treatment of this illness.

A consensus on revised AR definitions is presented, including control, severe allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (SARC), refractory severe allergic rhinoconjunctivitis (R-SARC), remission, resolution, improvement, exacerbation, treatable traits (TTs), treat to target, relapse, progression, disease modification, and prevention.

There is a dearth of involvement of community pharmacists and pharmacist-led interventions for proper technique and application of these topical preparations in clinical practice, and there is a need to improve this situation.

The findings of the MR analysis support a potential causal relationship between aspirin use and the reduced risk of hayfever or allergic rhinitis.

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Management includes medication, avoidance of exposure to environmental allergens and when appropriate, measures to help with associated asthma and sinusitis, and Psychological interventions can also help in the management of AR.

Management involves diagnosis, followed by avoidance of relevant allergens, with additional pharmacotherapy needed for most sufferers, with allergen-specific immunotherapy, which is uniquely able to alter long-term disease outcomes, should be considered.

Besides local inflammation, AR also triggers a systemic inflammation, which can in turn augment inflammation in both the upper and lower airways, and is linked to other comorbid conditions: asthma, chronic hyper-plastic eosinophilic sinusitis, nasal polyposis and serous otitis media.

There is a range of available treatment options for AR that reflect the varying disease length and severity, and newer generation AHs should be the first-line treatment, while INCS are mainstay treatments for moderate to severe AR.

Overall, INCSs displayed a favorable safety profile and high local-systemic balance of bioavailability with a low incidence of adverse events in the treatment of AR children, Nevertheless, the use of IN CSs should be designed depending on one patient’s response and adverse effects.

Not all patients with uncontrolled symptoms received a step-up in treatment, underscoring the need for improved physician education to enhance AR management and control in accordance with consensus treatment guidelines.

A new AR preparation, MP-AzeFlu (Dymista®, Meda, Sweden), comprising a formulation of an intranasal antihistamine, an intraneasal corticosteroid, and excipients delivered in a single spray, may offer benefits over and above single and multiple AR therapy options.

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